Journal of the stylistic of Persian poem and prose
volume Number 16، number In Volume 8، November 2023 ، issue Number 90

Rhetorical analysis of macro-metaphors and sub-metaphors of the concept of "Jan" in Masnavi Manavi

Maryam Nafeli Shahrashtani , Hossein Aghahosseini (Author in Charge)

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Masnavi Manavi is a great work in the field of Iranian Islamic mysticism. In this work, Molavi talks about mystical experiences and concepts with simple language and the use of various rhetorical techniques, such as the use of similes and metaphors, and makes them felt for the readers. There is a lot of talk about the concept of "soul" in Masnavi. Molavi believes in the unity of souls, the opposition of body and soul, its immortality and guidance, and tries to convey his meaning to the reader. The images used for John in the Masnavi are such that it seems that beyond the apparent similes and metaphors, broader images have been in the poet"s mind, from which other images (macro metaphors), metaphors and similes (micro metaphors) have arisen.

METHODOLOGY: In order to investigate the rhetorical analysis of various conceptual metaphors and macro metaphors of John, in a descriptive-analytical way, six Masnavi books were examined and the necessary evidence was extracted from them.

FINDINGS: The use of macro-metaphors for life and the formation of small conceptual metaphors from those macro-metaphors is one of Molvi"s tricks in explaining and describing life, which can be considered under the stylistics of Masnavi"s rhetorical layer. In fact, by considering macro metaphors in his mind and point of view, Rumi presents metaphors whose source is in these macro metaphors. It seems that these broad metaphors in the depth of Molavi"s worldview and attitude overshadow the rest of similes and metaphors and are considered their hidden foundations.

CONCLUSION: In the examination of images related to life in Masnavi, four metaphors about life were found: "Life is a living entity", "Life is a place", "Life is an object", "Life is a source of light". In the statistical analysis of these metaphors, it was found that the metaphors "the soul is a living being" and "the soul is an object" are the most widely used metaphors about life in Masnavi. From the four macro-metaphors mentioned, 449 smaller conceptual metaphors have appeared, which are structured under these broad metaphors.

Keyword
Masnavi , spirit , rhetorical layer stylistics , John , macro metaphor , conceptual metaphor

• Holy Quran.
• Abbadi, M. (1968). Altasfiye fi Ahvale motosafeve, soufinameh. Edited by Gholamhossein Yousefi. Tehran: Iran Culture Foundation, pp. 187, 188.
• Abbasi, Z. and Khosravi, A. (2016). "Investigation of the evolutionary concept of death in Rumi's poems based on the cognitive metaphor theory of the cultural model of the great chain metaphor". Al-Zahra University's biannual scientific research journal of mystical literature, 9 (17), pp. 7-29.
• Abdul hakim, kh. (1959). The metaphysics of Rumi a critical and historical sketch. Lahore: The instituted of Islamic culture, pp.10-22.
• Abu Nasr Seraj. (1960). al-luma. Lebanon: Dar al-Kitab al-Hadith, p. 555.
• Alipour, I. (2012). "Metaphors of body in Masnavi". Criticism and opinion of the Scientific Research Quarterly of Philosophy and Theology, 18 (1), pp. 153-175.
• Allami, Z. and Karimi, T. (2015). "Cognitive analysis of Jamal's conceptual metaphor in Masnavi and Divan Shams", Persian language and literature biannual, 24 (80), pp. 137-159.
• Aristotle. (1987). About the soul. Translated by Dr. Ali Murad Davoudi. second edition. Tehran: Hekmat.
• Behnam, M. (2010). "Conceptual Metaphor of Light in Divan Shams". Literary Criticism Quarterly, 3 (10), pp. 91-114.
• Browne. E. (1956). A literary history of Persia volume ii from Ferdowsi to Sa'di. Cambridge: university press, p. 515.
• Farozanfar, B. (2007). Commentary on Masnavi Sharif. Volume 1. Print 12. Tehran: Zavvar, P. 14.
• Fotuhi, M. (2001). "Analysis of the image of the sea in Masnavi". Journal of Human Sciences, No. 31, pp. 1-24.
• Fotuhi, M. (2012). Stylology of theories, approaches and methods. second edition. Tehran: Sokhan, pp. 237 239.
• Ghazali, A. (1986). Iḥyā′ ‘Ulūm al-Dīn. C. 1. Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Elamiye. P. 15.
• Hojviri, A. (1979). kashf Al-Mahjub. Zhukovsky's correction. Tehran: Tahori. P. 299.
• Homai, J. (2006). Molavinameh "What Molavi Says" is the opinions and thoughts of Maulana Jalaluddin Mohammad Molavi. Part I, 10th edition. Tehran: Homa, pp. 101- 113.
• Ibn Manzoor, M. (1956). Lisan al-Arab. v 6. Beirut: Dar Sader.
• Kövecses, z. (2010). Metaphor, A Practical Introduction. 2nd ed. New York: oxford university press, p. 57.17-31.
• Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, fire and dangerous things: what categories reveal about the mind. Chicago: university of Chicago Press.
• Lakoff, G. (1993). “The contemporary theory of metaphor”. Andrew Ortony (ed), Metaphor and Thought, second Edit, Cambridge: Cambridge the university press, pp. 202 251.
• Lakoff, G. (1993). “The contemporary theory of metaphor”. in Andrew Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and thought. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 202 251.
• Lakoff, G. (1997). The internal structure of the Self. In: Ulrich Neisser, David A. Jopling (Eds.): The Conceptual Self in Context. Cambridge University Press, pp. 92-113.
• Lakoff, G. And Johnson, M. (2003). Metaphors We Live by. London: The university of Chicago press, pp. 15, 26-27.
• Lakoff, G. And Turner, M. (1989). More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor, Chicago: university of Chicago Press, pp. 103-104.
• Lee, d. (2001). Cognitive linguistics: An introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 6-7.
• Molavi, j. (2008). Masnavi Ma’anavi. Explanations of Mohammad Estelami. Ninth edition. Tehran: Sokhan.
• Mostameli Bokhari. (1984). Sharhe Ta’arrof. the second volume. with an introduction by Mohammad Roshan. Tehran: Asatir. pp. 845, 886.
• Nicholson, R. (1923). The idea of Personality in Sufism. Cambridge: university press, p.p. 51, 6.
• Nwyia. P. (1970). Exegeses Coranique Et Language Mystique, Novel essai sur le lexique technique des mystiques muscleman’s. Bayreuth: Dar el-Machreq. p. 8.
• Purnamdarian, T. (2007). Symbolism and symbolic stories in Persian Literature. Edition 6. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural, pp. 137-138.
• Safa, Zabihullah. (1979). The history of literature in Iran, volume three, from the beginning of the 7th century to the end of the 8th century. Third edition. Tehran: Publishing and Printing Institute of Tehran University, pp. 448- 486.
• Schimmel, A. (1988). The Triumphal aun: a study of the works of Jalalodin Rumi. translated by Hassan Lahoti. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural.
• Shahidi, S.j. (2007). Commentary on the Masnavi (second book). Fifth Edition. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural, P. 194.
• Sohrewardi, Shahabuddin Omar. (1987). The Awarif al-Ma’aref. Translated by Abu Mansour Esfahani. Corrected by Qasim Ansari. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural. P. 175.
• Sperham, D. Tasdighi, S. (2017). "Cognitive metaphor of love in Maulana's Masnavi". Literary text research, 22 (76), pp. 87-114.
• Ungerer, f. Schmid, H-J. (1996). An introduction to cognitive linguistics. London and New York: Longman, p. 116.
• Zamani, K. (2006). The minaret of love, the thematic description of the spiritual masnavi of Maulana Jalaluddin Balkhi. Edition 4. Tehran: Ney Publishing, pp. 139- 254.
• Zarinkoub, A. (2002). Serr-ney, criticism and analytical and comparative description of the Masnavi. edition 9. Tehran: Ney publication, P. 923.